3.3 Derived Constructs

Frequently used derived constructs are listed in Table 11–14.

Table 11: Frequently used non-temporal derived constructs
false
≜
¬true

false value

f1 ∨ f2
≜
¬(¬f1 ∧¬f2)

or

f1 ⊃ f2
≜
¬f1 ∨ f2

implies

f1 ≡ f2
≜
(f1 ⊃ f2) ∧ (f2 ⊃ f1)

equivalent

∃V f
≜
¬∀V ¬f

exists

Table 12: Frequently used temporal derived constructs
f
≜
skip ; f

next

more
≜
true

non-empty interval

empty
≜
¬more

empty interval

inf
≜
true ; false

infinite interval

isinf (f)
≜
inf ∧ f

is infinite

finite
≜
¬inf

finite interval

isfin (f)
≜
finite ∧ f

is finite

fmore
≜
more ∧ finite

non-empty finite interval

f ⌢ g
≜
(f ∧ finite) ; g

strong chop

f
≜
finite ; f

sometimes

f
≜
¬¬f

always

f
≜
¬¬f

weak next

f
≜
f ; true

some initial subinterval

f
≜
¬( ¬f)

all initial subintervals

f
≜
f ⌢ true

some finite initial subinterval

f
≜
¬( ¬f)

all finite initial subintervals

f
≜
finite ; f ; true

some subinterval

f
≜
¬( ¬f)

all subintervals

f g
≜
¬(f ; (¬g))

yields

f g
≜
¬((¬f) ; g)

reverse yields

Table 13: Frequently used concrete derived constructs
if f0 then f1 else f2
≜
(f0 ∧ f1) ∨ (¬f0 ∧ f2)

if then else

if f0 then f1
≜
if f0 then f1 else true

if then

fin f
≜
(empty ⊃ f)

final state

sfin f
≜
¬(fin (¬f))

strong final state

halt f
≜
(empty ≡ f)

terminate interval when

keep f
≜
(skip ⊃ f)

all unit subintervals

fω
≜
isinf ((isfin (f))∗)

infinite chopstar

fstar (f)
≜
isfin (f∗) ; (empty ∨ isinf (f))

finite chopstar

f⋆
≜
isfin (f∗) ∨ fω

strong chopstar

while f0 do f1
≜
(f0 ∧ f1)∗∧ fin ¬f0

while loop

repeat f0 until f1
≜
f0 ; (while ¬f1 do f0)

repeat loop

Table 14: Frequently used derived constructs related to expressions
Y := e
≜
( Y ) = e

assignment

Y ≈ e
≜
(Y = e)

equal in interval

Y ← e
≜
finite ⊃ (fin Y ) = e

temporal assignment

Y gets e
≜
keep (Y ← e)

gets

stable Y
≜
Y gets Y

stability

padded Y
≜
(stable (Y ) ; skip) ∨ empty

padded expression

Y <∼ e
≜
(Y ← e) ∧ padded Y

padded temporal assignment

intlen (e)
≜
∃I (I = 0) ∧ (I gets I + 1) ∧ (I ← e)

interval length

2025-12-19
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